Synthisophy
Skinwalkers - Chapter 18
The following are direct quotes from the book Tribe, On Homecoming and Belonging, by Sebastian Junger, May 2016, except for statements in italic added.
The ultimate act of disaffiliation isn’t littering or fraud, of course, but violence against your own people. When the Navajo Nation—the Diné, in their language—were rounded up and confined to a reservation in the 1860s, a terrifying phenomenon became more prominent in their culture. The warrior skills that had protected the Diné for thousands of years were no longer relevant in this dismal new era, and people worried that those same skills would now be turned inward, against society. That strengthened their belief in what were known as skinwalkers, or yee naaldlooshii.
Skinwalkers were almost always male and wore the pelt of a sacred animal so that they could subvert that animal’s powers to kill people in the community. They could travel impossibly fast across the desert and their eyes glowed like coals and they could supposedly paralyze you with a single look. They were thought to attack remote homesteads at night and kill people and sometimes eat their bodies. People were still scared of skinwalkers when I lived on the Navajo Reservation in 1983, and frankly, by the time I left, I was too.
Virtually every culture in the world has its version of the skinwalker myth. In Europe, for example, they are called werewolves (literally “man-wolf” in Old English). The myth addresses a fundamental fear in human society: that you can defend against external enemies but still remain vulnerable to one lone madman in your midst. Anglo-American culture doesn’t recognize the skinwalker threat but has its own version. Starting in the early 1980s, the frequency of rampage shootings in the United States began to rise more and more rapidly until it doubled around 2006. Rampages are usually defined as attacks where people are randomly targeted and four or more are killed in one place, usually shot to death by a lone gunman. As such, those crimes conform almost exactly to the kind of threat that the Navajo seemed most to fear on the reservation: murder and mayhem committed by an individual who has rejected all social bonds and attacks people at their most vulnerable and unprepared. For modern society, that would mean not in their log hogans but in movie theaters, schools, shopping malls, places of worship, or simply walking down the street.
Here is a list of skinwalkers, and their shooting rampages in the USA over the last 30 years. Note that from 1988 to 1997 there were 6; from 1998 to 2007 there were 9; from 2008 to 2017 there were 24. Why does it appear that over the last 10 years our society is generating a sharp increase in skinwalkers, individuals committing murder and mayhem who have rejected all social bonds and attack people at their most vulnerable and unprepared? Perhaps it is because, as Sebastion Junger stated, this “shows how completely detribalized this country has become.” Our neurological genetic predisposition, the warrior ethos, all for 1 and 1 for all, is no longer relevant in modern life. As individuals in society it appears we are now very far from our evolutionary roots.
In 2013, areport from the Congressional Research Service, known as Congress's think tank, described mass shootings as those in which shooters "select victims somewhat indiscriminately" and kill four or more people.
From: http://timelines.latimes.com/deadliest-shooting-rampages/
Mass shootings over last 30 years until October 1, 2017. And recent news from October 2 to December 31, 2017.
November 14, 2017: Rampaging through a small Northern California town, a gunman took aim on Tuesday at people at an elementary school and several other locations, killing at least four and wounding at least 10 before he was fatally shot by police, the local sheriff’s office said.
November 5, 2017: Devin Patrick Kelley carried out the deadliest mass shooting in Texas history on Sunday, killing 25 people and an unborn child at First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, near San Antonio.
October 1, 2017: 58 killed, more than 500 injured: Las Vegas
More than 50 people were killed and at least 500 others injured when a gunman opened fire at a country music festival near the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip, authorities said. Police said the suspect, 64-year-old Stephen Paddock, a resident of Mesquite, Nev., was was found dead after a SWAT team burst into the hotel room from which he was firing at the crowd.
Jan. 6, 2017: 5 killed, 6 injured: Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
After taking a flight to Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport in Florida, a man retrieves a gun from his luggage in baggage claim, loads it and opens fire, killing five people near a baggage carousel and wounding six others. Dozens more are injured in the ensuing panic. Esteban Santiago, a 26-year-old Iraq war veteran from Anchorage, Alaska, has pleaded not guilty to 22 federal charges.
May 28, 2017: 8 killed, Lincoln County, Miss. A Mississippi man went on a shooting spree overnight, killing a sheriff's deputy and seven other people in three separate locations in rural Lincoln County before the suspect was taken into custody by police, authorities said on Sunday.
Sept. 23, 2016: 5 killed: Burlington, Wash.
A gunman enters the cosmetics area of a Macy’s store near Seattle and fatally shoots an employee and four shoppers at close range. Authorities say Arcan Cetin, a 20-year-old fast-food worker, used a semi-automatic Ruger .22 rifle that he stole from his stepfather’s closet.
June 12, 2016: 49 killed, 58 injured in Orlando nightclub shooting
The United States suffered one of the worst mass shootings in its modern history when 49 people were killed and 58 injured in Orlando, Fla., after a gunman stormed into a packed gay nightclub. The gunman was killed by a SWAT team after taking hostages at Pulse, a popular gay club. He was preliminarily identified as 29-year-old Omar Mateen.
Dec. 2, 2015: 14 killed, 22 injured: San Bernardino, Calif.
Two assailants killed 14 people and wounded 22 others in a shooting at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino. The two attackers, who were married, were killed in a gun battle with police. They were U.S.-born Syed Rizwan Farook and Pakistan national Tashfeen Malik, and had an arsenal of ammunition and pipe bombs in their Redlands home.
Nov. 29, 2015: 3 killed, 9 injured: Colorado Springs, Colo.
A gunman entered a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado Springs, Colo., and started firing.
Police named Robert Lewis Dear as the suspect in the attacks.
Oct. 1, 2015: 9 killed, 9 injured: Roseburg, Ore.
Christopher Sean Harper-Mercer shot and killed eight fellow students and a teacher at Umpqua Community College. Authorities described Harper-Mercer, who recently had moved to Oregon from Southern California, as a “hate-filled” individual with anti-religion and white supremacist leanings who had long struggled with mental health issues.
July 16, 2015: 5 killed, 3 injured: Chattanooga, Tenn. A gunman opened fire on two military centers more than seven miles apart, killing four Marines and a Navy sailor. A man identified by federal authorities as Mohammod Youssuf Abdulazeez, 24, sprayed dozens of bullets at a military recruiting center, then drove to a Navy-Marine training facility and opened fire again before he was killed.
June 18, 2015: 9 killed: Charleston, S.C.
Dylann Storm Roof is charged with nine counts of murder and three counts of attempted murder in an attack that killed nine people at a historic black church in Charleston, S.C. Authorities say Roof, a suspected white supremacist, started firing on a group gathered at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church after first praying with them. He fled authorities before being arrested in North Carolina.
May 23, 2014: 6 killed, 7 injured: Isla Vista, Calif.
Elliot Rodger, 22, meticulously planned his deadly attack on the Isla Vista community for more than a year, spending thousands of dollars in order to arm and train himself to kill as many people as possible, according to a report released by the Santa Barbara County Sheriff’s Office. Rodger killed six people before shooting himself.
April 2, 2014: 3 killed; 16 injured: Ft. Hood, Texas
A gunman at Fort Hood, the scene of a deadly 2009 rampage, kills three people and injures 16 others, according to military officials. The gunman is dead at the scene.
Sept. 16, 2013: 12 killed, 3 injured: Washington, D.C. Aaron Alexis, a Navy contractor and former Navy enlisted man, shoots and kills 12 people and engages police in a running firefight through the sprawling Washington Navy Yard. He is shot and killed by authorities.
June 7, 2013: 5 killed: Santa Monica
John Zawahri, an unemployed 23-year-old, kills five people in an attack that starts at his father’s home and ends at Santa Monica College, where he is fatally shot by police in the school’s library.
Dec. 14, 2012: 27 killed, one injured: Newtown, Conn.
A gunman forces his way into Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn. and shoots and kills 20 first graders and six adults. The shooter, Adam Lanza, 20, kills himself at the scene. Lanza also killed his mother at the home they shared, prior to his shooting rampage.
Aug. 5, 2012: 6 killed, 3 injured: Oak Creek, Wis.
Wade Michael Page fatally shoots six people at a Sikh temple before he is shot by a police officer. Page, an Army veteran who was a “psychological operations specialist,” committed suicide after he was wounded. Page was a member of a white supremacist band called End Apathy and his views led federal officials to treat the shooting as an act of domestic terrorism.
July 20, 2012: 12 killed, 58 injured: Aurora, Colo.
James Holmes, 24, is taken into custody in the parking lot outside the Century 16 movie theater after a post-midnight attack in Aurora, Colo. Holmes allegedly entered the theater through an exit door about half an hour into the local premiere of “The Dark Knight Rises.”
April 2, 2012: 7 killed, 3 injured: Oakland
One L. Goh, 43, a former student at a Oikos University, a small Christian college, allegedly opens fire in the middle of a classroom leaving seven people dead and three wounded.
Jan. 8, 2011: 6 killed, 11 injured: Tucson, Ariz.
Jared Lee Loughner, 22, allegedly shoots Arizona Rep. Gabrielle Giffords in the head during a meet-and-greet with constituents at a Tucson supermarket. Six people are killed and 11 others wounded.
Nov. 5, 2009: 13 killed, 32 injured: Ft. Hood, Texas
Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan, an Army psychiatrist, allegedly shoots and kills 13 people and injures 32 others in a rampage at Ft. Hood, where he is based. Authorities allege that Hasan was exchanging emails with Muslim extremists including American-born radical Anwar Awlaki.
April 3, 2009: 13 killed, 4 injured: Binghamton, N.Y.
Jiverly Voong, 41, shoots and kills 13 people and seriously wounds four others before apparently committing suicide at the American Civic Assn., an immigration services center, in Binghamton, N.Y.
Feb. 14, 2008: 5 killed, 16 injured: Dekalb, Ill.
Steven Kazmierczak, dressed all in black, steps on stage in a lecture hall at Northern Illinois University and opens fire on a geology class. Five students are killed and 16 wounded before Kazmierczak kills himself on the lecture hall stage.
Dec. 5, 2007: 8 killed, 4 injured: Omaha
Robert Hawkins, 19, sprays an Omaha shopping mall with gunfire as holiday shoppers scatter in terror. He kills eight people and wounds four others before taking his own life. Authorities report he left several suicide notes.
April 16, 2007: 32 killed, 17 injured: Blacksburg, Va.
Seung-hui Cho, a 23-year-old Virginia Tech senior, opens fire on campus, killing 32 people in a dorm and an academic building in attacks more than two hours apart. Cho takes his life after the second incident.
Feb. 12, 2007: 5 killed, 4 injured: Salt Lake City
Sulejman Talovic, 18, wearing a trenchcoat and carrying a shotgun, sprays a popular Salt Lake City shopping mall. Witnesses say he displays no emotion while killing five people and wounding four others.
Oct. 2, 2006: 5 killed, 5 injured: Nickel Mines, Pa.
Charles Carl Roberts IV, a milk truck driver armed with a small arsenal, bursts into a one-room schoolhouse and kills five Amish girls. He kills himself as police storm the building.
July 8, 2003: 5 killed, 9 injured: Meridian, Miss.
Doug Williams, 48, a production assemblyman for 19 years at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co., goes on a rampage at the defense plant, fatally shooting five and wounding nine before taking his own life with a shotgun.
Dec. 26, 2000: 7 killed: Wakefield, Mass.
Michael McDermott, a 42-year-old software tester shoots and kills seven co-workers at the Internet consulting firm where he is employed. McDermott, who is arrested at the offices of Edgewater Technology Inc., apparently was enraged because his salary was about to be garnished to satisfy tax claims by the Internal Revenue Service. He uses three weapons in his attack.
Sept. 15, 1999: 7 killed, 7 injured: Fort Worth
Larry Gene Ashbrook opens fire inside the crowded chapel of the Wedgwood Baptist Church. Worshipers, thinking at first that it must be a prank, keep singing. But when they realize what is happening, they dive to the floor and scrunch under pews, terrified and silent as the gunfire continues. Seven people are killed before Ashbrook takes his own life.
April 20, 1999: 13 killed, 24 injured: Columbine, Colo.
Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, students at Columbine High, open fire at the school, killing a dozen students and a teacher and causing injury to two dozen others before taking their own lives.
March 24, 1998: 5 killed, 10 injured: Jonesboro, Ark.
Middle school students Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden pull a fire alarm at their school in a small rural Arkansas community and then open fire on students and teachers using an arsenal they had stashed in the nearby woods. Four students and a teacher who tried shield the children are killed and 10 others are injured. Because of their ages, Mitchell. 13, and Andrew, 11, are sentenced to confinement in a juvenile facility until they turn 21.
Dec. 7, 1993: 6 killed, 19 injured: Garden City, N.Y.
Colin Ferguson shoots and kills six passengers and wounds 19 others on a Long Island Rail Road commuter train before being stopped by other riders. Ferguson is later sentenced to life in prison.
July 1, 1993: 8 killed, 6 injured: San Francisco
Gian Luigi Ferri, 55, kills eight people in an office building in San Francisco’s financial district. His rampage begins in the 34th-floor offices of Pettit & Martin, an international law firm, and ends in a stairwell between the 29th and 30th floors where he encounters police and shoots himself.
May 1, 1992: 4 killed, 10 injured: Olivehurst, Calif.
Eric Houston, a 20-year-old unemployed computer assembler, invades Lindhurst High School and opens fire, killing his former teacher Robert Brens and three students and wounding 10 others.
Oct. 16, 1991: 22 killed, 20 injured: Killeen, Texas
George Jo Hennard, 35, crashes his pickup truck into a Luby’s cafeteria crowded with lunchtime patrons and begins firing indiscriminately with a semiautomatic pistol, killing 22 people. Hennard is later found dead of a gunshot wound in a restaurant restroom.
June 18, 1990: 10 killed, 4 injured: Jacksonville, Fla.
James E. Pough, a 42-year-old day laborer apparently distraught over the repossession of his car, walks into the offices of General Motors Acceptance Corp. and opens fire, killing seven employees and one customer before fatally shooting himself.
Jan. 17, 1989: 5 killed, 29 injured: Stockton, Calif.
Patrick Edward Purdy turns a powerful assault rifle on a crowded school playground, killing five children and wounding 29 more. Purdy, who also killed himself, had been a student at the school from kindergarten through third grade.Police officials described Purdy as a troubled drifter in his mid-20s with a history of relatively minor brushes with the law. The midday attack lasted only minutes.
July 18, 1984: 21 killed, 19 injured: San Ysidro, Calif.
James Oliver Huberty, a 41-year-old out-of-work security guard, kills 21 employees and customers at a McDonald’s restaurant. Huberty is fatally shot by a police sniper perched on the roof of a nearby post office.
Synthisophy
Synthisophy
Integrate the Wisdoms of History into Present Culture
Addressing the polarized political climate in the USA
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With synthisophy in mind....
Recall that hominids that cooperated with one another – and punished those who didn’t – must have outfought, outhunted and outbred everyone else. Over millions of years, this genetically evolved and biologically selected tribal ethos resulting in the warrior ethos that lead to the exit of Homo sapiens out of Africa 70,000 years ago that resulted in the dominance of this species and the extinction of others. This ethos resulted in our becoming the dominant and only human species on the planet and is still hardwired into our evolutionary genetic consciousness.
So maybe if we understand that these evolutionarily developed instinctive cognitive biases, the resulting confirmation biases, and the argumentative theory stoked by the tribal and warrior ethos may very well be present in the 100 billion neurons in our brain generating our perception of reality, our neuroreality, which as proposed by Andersen in Fantasyland, Powers in The Silencing, and expanded upon by myself, may not always reflect true reality, it may be unneureal. It’s in our genes, it’s been in our genes for a very long time. So let’s take a step back, try and detach ourselves from this genetic predisposition, take a deep breath and try and be a bit more rational rather than emotional in our political positions and discussions, listen, seek truth rather than argument, and reduce the amount of polarization and vitriol present in our society.
So what can we do to depolarize the Nation?
Take Action: Participate, as described above, in the democratic process, be an informed citizen, and get involved in a cause that will better society. We need an active and informed citizenry that is synthisophic and neureal. Consider classical times in ancient Greece: At any particular point in time, not just on election day, an estimated 75% of voters were participating in government in one form or another. Consider what Thomas Jefferson said: “the people cannot be all and always well informed, the part which is wrong will be in proportion to the importance of the facts they misconceive. If they remain quiet under such misconceptions it is a lethargy, the forerunner of death to liberty.” Abraham Lincoln said, “If we falter and lose our freedoms it will be because we destroyed ourselves.” So Take Action on one of the political issues discussed below, or any of the 100s of other issues you think are important to you, to society and humanity.
Take Action:
Run for office at the local, state or national level. There was a surge in candidates running for US congress in the 2018 and 2020 elections. Take Action.
Choose an area of interest and contact your local, state or national representatives and express your views on that topic. Form a group supporting a particular topic and do the same. Create a website or organization to express this opinion. Take Action.
The Senate is not a valid representation of the people. When the US Constitution was written and the US Senate was formed in 1789, the 13 original colonies had populations ranging from 59,096 in Delaware to 691,937in Virginia. Virginia had 10 times the population of Delaware. Today California has a population of 39,536,653 and Wyoming has a population of 579,315, that's 70 times more! A 10 to 1 ratio back in 1789 might have seemed reasonable, but I wonder what the founding fathers would think today of 70 to 1? California has one senator per 20,000,000 people, Wyoming has one per 290,000 people. Can this be changed to a more proportional represenation by a Constitutional Amendment, merging states, adding additional states, or some other means? Research them, Take Action.
Gerrymandering – there are software apps that draw lines and create Districts by the Party in Power, with a large portion of the Party Out of Power’s voters in just a few Districts, and the rest of the Districts split so many have a majority of the Party In Power’s voters. The Party in Power then has a disproportionate amount of “representation” in government. It’s a false representation of the population. It’s called gerrymandering, named after Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry who in 1812 signed a Bill that redistricted Massachusetts to benefit his party, one district of which looked like a salamander. Here’s a quote from David Winston, who drew House districts for the Republican party after the U.S. Census in 1990, “As a mapmaker, I can have more of an impact on an election than a campaign, more of an impact than a candidate. When I, as a mapmaker, have more of an impact on an election than the voters, the system is out of whack." So let’s get rid of Gerrymandering and come up with a more equitable method of delineating districts. In Michigan, an all-volunteer group of 3000 activists has defied the odds by collecting hundreds of thousands of voter signatures for a 2018 initiative to overhaul redistricting in Michigan. See what they did and do it in your state. Take Action.
Get rid of the electoral college, or set up a state by state contract to bypass it. There’s a proposal in the works now called the “National Popular Vote Interstate Compact”, and it’s an agreement between groups of states to award their electoral votes to the winner of the popular national vote. The electoral college was set up by the founding fathers to insure against an unyielding public choosing an unqualified candidate, with the electors voting for a different more appropriate candidate should that occur. Perhaps that was a good idea back in 1787, but it did the opposite when Donald Trump was elected with 3 million less votes than the opposing candidate. Note that 7 of the last 9 US presidents did not get the majority vote. I don’t think the founding fathers would approve of this outcome. Contact your representatives, join a movement, start a movement. Take Action.
Get involved in depolarization as described at better-angels.org: The United States is disuniting. The last presidential election only made clear what many have feared – that we’re becoming two Americas, each angry with the other, and neither trusting the other’s basic humanity and good intentions. Today Americans increasingly view their political opponents not only as misguided, but also as bad people whose ways of thinking are both dangerous and incomprehensible. This degree of civic rancor threatens our democracy. Launched in 2016, Better Angels is a bipartisan citizen’s movement to unify our divided nation. By bringing red and blue Americans together into a working alliance, they’re building new ways to talk to one another, participate together in public life, and influence the direction of the nation. Take Action.
Overturn Citizens United vs Federal Election Commission. This was the landmark US corporate and campaign finance law dealing with regulation of political campaign spending by organizations. The US Supreme Court held (5–4) on January 21, 2010 that the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution prohibits the government from restricting expenditures from independent non-government organizations towards advertising for political candidates. A company or organization is not a person. This opened the flood gates for the super-rich to drive elections. Recall Thomas Jefferson’s quote: “a vast accession of strength…founded on banking institutions and monied in corporations under the guise and cloak of their favored branches of manufactures commerce and navigation, riding and ruling over the plundered ploughman and beggared yeomanry.” Take Action to address the super-rich driving elections.
Should a President face impeachment? On what grounds? Research the impeachment process and take action if you see fit. Go to impeachdonaldtrumpnow.org and other sites for information on this topic. Contact your representatives and say such. Take Action.
Can anything be done about the unequal distribution of wealth in this country? Look at the wealth distribution shown below as presented by Dan Ariely and Michael Norton in their 2011 study Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time, in Perspectives on Psychological Science:
Note the disparity between the ideal and estimated distribution of wealth, versus the actual distribution of wealth:
Top 20% have 84% of the wealth
2nd 20% have 11%
Middle 20% have 4.7%
4th 20% have 0.2%
bottom 20% have 0.1%
Bottom 40% have 0.3% of the wealth - purple and light blue are so small they do not appear on the chart.
Does this seem reasonable? If not, Take Action
Are you in favor of term limits? Congress has a 13 percent approval rating, but a 95% re-election rate. That’s because our elected leaders can abuse their power to keep away challengers, which transfers power from citizens and into the hands of unaccountable career politicians. If you see fit, go to www.termlimits.com and other sites for information on this topic and Take Action.
Follow the political movement started by the surviving students at Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland Florida after the shooting that occurred there on February 14, 2018. They have set an example of citizen political action in our Democracy – our founding fathers would be proud. Take Action.
I have Summit Meetings at my place every few months. Now we're doing it virtually on Zoom - friends come over, we have fun and talk politics for an evening, making sure to keep it friendly and respectful. Take Action, have a Summit Meeting at your place.
Start your own political website promoting discussion on various topics – see www.synthisophy.org as an example. Use Facebook, Twitter, Intsagram, What's App, Tik Tok, or many other platforms to promote your site. Try and stay Centrist. Take Action.
Nowhere in the US Constitution does it state that the government is a two party system, so let’s create a third party in the middle between the Left and the Right, and call it something like the Realist party, or the Centrist Party.
Close the Revolving Door between Wall Street and other major financial, investment medical and other institutions, and Washington. The major players shuttle between top jobs in Washington and Wall Street and other major institutions. As a result, the government is “captured” and in effect becomes an arm of these institutions, passing laws to make bankers and CEOs richer rather than protecting average citizens. Isn’t this what Thomas Jefferson warned us about? Take Action.
Figure out a way to minimize fraud, as seen in the tobacco, fossil fuel, opioid/pharmaceutical, insurance and defense industries. Minimize fraud in the Unemployment, Welfare, Medicare and Medicaid programs. Take Action.
Reinstate Glass-Steagall Act – otherwise, the mortgage crisis of 2008 would not have happened. Take Action.
Is there a middle ground between the right to bear arms, mass shootings and public safety? Take Action.
Pass a law that requires presidential candidates to submit and make their tax returns public. Take Action.
Get involved in the Black Lives Matter movement. Support your local police. Take Action.
Does anything need to be done in the area of Immigration reform? Take Action.
Does anything need to be done in the area of health care reform? Take Action.
Campaign finance reform? Eliminate Super Pacs? Take Action.
More quickly transition to renewable energy? Take Action.
Term limits on the Supreme Court? Take Action.
Rebuild American Infrastructure? Take Action.
Get rid of the Senate fillibuster? Take Action.
Should we enact a carbon tax? Take Action.
Add more states to the Union? Take Action.
And most importanly, Vote.
These are just a few suggestions, there are many others. With synthisophy in mind, I hope that many people will Take Action in our Democratic Republic and go in many directions to bring about much needed change in our present society. As Thomas Jefferson says above, it is time for the people to stand up to the current moneyed interests, to the alt-Right and illiberl-Left, and bring our democracy and society back to its roots. It’s what the founding fathers originally intended as stated in the Declaration of Independence: “Governments are instituted among the people, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” And as Abraham Lincoln said in his Gettysburg address: “that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” What will be the answer to Ben Franklin’s question about the creation of the USA and the US Constitution in 1787: “We’ve given you a Republic, can you keep it?” To make sure the answer is yes, Take Action!
Chapter 29
What Can We Do To Depolarize the Nation?
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